hardening, microstructure, stainless steel, WC-12Co coatings, gear oil, high velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF), material deformation, thermochemical treatment, wetting behavior, cracking behavior, properties of surface layers, wear resistance, nitriding, thermal spraying, surface engineering, Cu–Sn, wear behavior, K417G Ni-based superalloy, tribology, AISI 316L, joint replacements, reactive high-power impulse magnetron sputtering, micropitting, scuffing, laser forming repairing, Ti6Al4V, wire arc spray, cavitation erosion, surface modification, HVOF, wear, surface morphology, S-phase, wood sanding, friction behavior, competitive mechanism, tribological properties, steel gears, coating, DLC coating, PTFE, laser texturing, surface characterization, elastic spring back, laser remelting, XANES spectroscopy, coatings, abrasive wear, silicon nitride, pitting, TiO2 sol, ploughing, lubricous oxides, electrodeposition