As sessile organisms, plants have to cope with a multitude of natural and anthropogenic forms of stress in their environment. Due to their longevity, this is of particular significance for trees. As a consequence, trees develop an orchestra of resilience and resistance mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stresses in order to support their growth and development in a constantly changing atmospheric and pedospheric environment. The objective of this Special Issue of Forests is to summarize state-of-art knowledge and report the current progress on the processes that determine the resilience and resistance of trees from different zonobiomes as well as all forms of biotic and abiotic stress from the molecular to the whole tree level.
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pure stands ion relation Heterobasidion annosum salicylic acid antioxidant enzymes antioxidant activity Luquasorb intrinsic water-use efficiency Greece Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc ion homeostasis photosynthesis Pinus massoniana Stockosorb water relations Norway spruce rubber tree hydrophilic polymers drought stress ion relationships Carpinus betulus tree rings N nutrition disturbance Populus simonii Carr. (poplar) infection subcellular localization basal area increment mixed stands photosynthetic responses Aleppo pine water potential elevation gradient living cell physiological response antioxidant enzyme activity ion contents signal network expression soil N GA-signaling pathway differentially expressed genes Ca2+ signal climate ecophysiology Robinia pseudoacacia L Heterobasidion parviporum mid-term plant tolerance canopy conductance DELLA tapping panel dryness osmotic adjustment substances abiotic stress wood formation malondialdehyde salinity treatments organic osmolytes bamboo forest non-structural carbohydrate Abies alba Mill tree salt stress Populus euphratica proline nutrition Carpinus turczaninowii plasma membrane Ca2+ channels gene regulation pathogen TCP forest type functional analysis Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr long-term drought defense response cold stress silicon fertilization gas exchange Fagus sylvatica L glutaredoxin water availability 24-epiBL application Konjac glucomannan leaf properties reactive oxygen species sap flow ?13C salinity morphological indices chloroplast ultrastructure Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) drought soluble sugar molecular cloning starch growth