Our common knowledge on oxidative stress has evolved substantially over the years and has been mostly focused on the fundamental chemical reactions and the most relevant chemical species involved in the human pathophysiology of oxidative stress-associated diseases. Thus, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) were identified as the key players initiating, mediating, and regulating the cellular and biochemical complexity of oxidative stress either as physiological (acting pro-hormetic) or as pathogenic (causing destructive vicious circle) process. The papers published in this particular Special Issue of the Cells demonstrate the impressive pathophysiological relevance of ROS and RNS in a range of contexts, including the relevance of second messengers of free radicals like 4-hydroxynonenal, allowing us to assume that even more detailed mechanisms of their positive and negative effects lie in wait, and should assist in better monitoring of the major modern diseases and the development of advanced integrative biomedicine treatments.
Subjects
toxicity toll-like receptors acrolein hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials LC-MS/MS blood–brain barrier NADPH-oxidase human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells NRF2-NQO1 axis granulocytes free radicals antioxidant plaque vulnerability bEnd.3 relaxation Ca2+ keratinocytes oxidative metabolism of the cells lipid peroxidation intermittent hypoxia osteoblast growth UV radiation ROS bEnd5 cyclopurines NF?B glucose deprivation antimicrobial endothelial cells 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) histamine glutamine deprivation optical coherence tomography antioxidants DNA damage glutathione NQO1 transcript variants xeroderma pigmentosum cancer cells VAS2870 reactive oxygen species (ROS) TP53 mutation DNA and RNA polymerases viability oxidative burst macrophages inflammation Nrf2 von Willebrand factor reactive oxygen species growth control intracellular signaling MFN2 nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 fusion/fission IMR-90 calcium proliferation mitochondria pathophysiology of oxidative stress redox balance 4-hydroxynonenal cannabidiol oxidative homeostasis rs1800566 neuronal cell death heme-oxygenase-1 vitamins cell signaling TRPM2 channel aorta cancer growth cancer regression oxidative stress nucleotide excision repair